جدري القرود: كيف نفرق بين الطفح الجلدي الناتج عن الإصابة بالفيروس والأمراض الجلدية الأخرى؟

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يحدث الطفح الجلدي نتيجة الإصابة بأمراض مختلفة، من بينها الإصابة بفيروس جدري القرود، وإن كان نادرا جدا.
فما هي الأشياء التي يجب أن تتأكد منها ونفكر فيها عند ظهور طفح جلدي؟
هل يمكن حقا أن يكون الطفح الجلدي بسبب جدري القرود؟
لابد أن تسأل نفسك في البداية هل من المحتمل أن تصاب بالفيروس أصلا؟ مع العلم أن الإصابة تحدث نتيجة ملامسة شخص مصاب، وغالبا تنتقل العدوى من جلد إلى جلد. ويوجد عدد قليل جدا من الأشخاص المصابين به في العالم حاليا، مما يعني أنه لا توجد فرص كثيرة للإصابة.
حتى في المناطق النائية في بعض الدول الأفريقية، التي يمكن أن ينتشر فيها أحيانا، نادرا ما يصاب الأطفال به.
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أول شيء ستلاحظه عند حدوث إصابة بجدري القرود هو ظهور أعراض أشبه بأعراض الأنفلونزا، الشعور بالتعب، والتوعك عموما وارتفاع درجة حرارة الجسم، إنه ما يسميه الأطباء "فترة غزو" المرض، أي عندما يدخل الفيروس خلايا الجسم.
يحدث انتفاخ للغدد بعد ذلك، نظرا لأن الجهاز المناعي يكثف حربه ضد العدوى.
ثم يحدث طفح جلدي، يمر بمراحل مختلفة من "الهياج الجلدي"، يبدأ بطفح سطحي واحمرار، ثم تتكون نتوءات وتقرحات، قبل مرحلة تكوين قشور.
ويقول روزاموند لويس، من برنامج الطوارئ التابع لمنظمة الصحة العالمية: "يبدأ الأمر بما نسميه بُقع، مجرد مناطق حمراء، ثم تتطور إلى بثور، وهو شيء يمكن الشعور به".
ثم تبدأ هذه التكتلات والنتوءات الحمراء في التقرح، وتمتلئ بسائل أبيض يشبه القيح.
بعدها تذبل هذه البثور وتتقشر، وتلتئم القشرة في النهاية وتسقط.
ويقول لويس: "هذا هو سبب الخلط بينه وبين الجديري المائي".
يبدأ الطفح الجلدي لجدري القرود عادة على الوجه، وأحيانا في الفم، ثم الذراعين والساقين واليدين والقدمين، وكذلك جذع الجسم.
وفي بعض الحالات غالبا يكون الطفح الجلدي حول منطقة الأعضاء التناسلية، ويقول الدكتور لويس: "قد لا يكون الطفح الجلدي مرئيا لأنه قد يكون مغطى".
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ويمكن للطفح الجلدي، الذي قد يبدو مختلفا إلى حد ما عن لون البشرة، أن يلوث أغطية الفراش والملابس.
وتنصح هيئة التأمين الصحي البريطانية بضرورة التعرف على أي تغيير أو مرض جلدي غريب يطرأ على الجسم، لاسيما حول الأعضاء التناسلية، وأن يتواصل المصابون مع الخدمات الطبية اللازمة وخدمة الصحة الجنسية إذا كانت لديهم أي مخاوف.
وتقول تانيا بليكر، رئيسة الجمعية البريطانية لأطباء الأمراض الجلدية: "قد يكون التمييز بين أنواع الطفح الجلدي المختلفة أمرا بالغ الصعوبة، لذا إن ساورك شك فعليك اتباع الإرشادات والتأكد".
ماذا يعني أيضا وجود طفح جلدي؟
هناك العديد من الاحتمالات، ونورد فيما يلي بعض الاحتمالات الشائعة وهي:
الجديري المائي
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يتسبب عادة في طفح جلدي شديد الحكة ويمر بمراحل متشابهة وتنتهي بقشرة. ومن الممكن أن يصاب الشخص بالجديري المائي أكثر من مرة في حياته، كما يمكن للبالغين أن يصابوا به مرة أخرى، حتى لو كانوا قد أصيبوا به في طفولتهم. كما تسبب الإصابة بالهربس النطاقي - تجديد نشاط فيروس الجديري المائي - أيضا الطفح الجلدي، ويمكن أن تظهر على شكل بقع، وعادة ما تكون مؤلمة.
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الجرب
تحدث الإصابة بالجرب نتيجة عثّة تضع بيضها على الجلد، تجعله شديد الحكة والاحمرار، ويمكن أن يظهر الطفح الجلدي في أي مكان في الجسم، لكن غالبا يبدأ بين الأصابع، إذ يلاحظ المريض خطوطا أو مسارات على الجلد فضلا عن وجود نقاط، وعلى الرغم من أنها ليست خطيرة، إلا أنها شديدة العدوى وتحتاج إلى علاج.
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البق أو لدغ الحشرات
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يمكن أن يلدغ بق الفراش الشخص إذا كان فراشه أو المرتبة التي ينام عليها موبوءة، فالحشرات صغيرة جدا على نحو قد لا تلاحظها. وهي مثل لدغات الحشرات الأخرى، تكون مثيرة للحكة واحمرار الجلد، وغالبا ما تتجمع على هيئة خط أو عنقود.
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عدوى تنتقل عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي مثل مرض الزهري أو الهربس التناسلي
Getty Images يمكن أن تسبب الإصابة بالهربس تقرحات في الفم أيضا
يعد مرض الزهري عدوى بكتيرية تحدث عادة عن طريق ممارسة جنسية مع شخص مصاب، والهربس التناسلي هو فيروس يمكن أن ينتقل عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي. وكلاهما يمكن أن يسبب بثورا جلدية، ومن المهم أن يُخضع الشخص نفسه للفحوص الطبية والعلاج في أسرع وقت ممكن، في حالة الشك في الإصابة بعدوى منقولة جنسيا.
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خلايا النحل / الحساسية / الشرى
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هذا الطفح الجلدي الأحمر المثير للحكة واللسع هو رد فعل جلدي تجاه شيء يعتقد الجسم أنه يمثل تهديدا له فيتعامل معه، وفي بعض الأحيان لا يُكتشف المحفز له على الإطلاق، بيد أن الأسباب الشائعة تكمن في تناول أطعمة معينة أو ملامسة بعض النباتات أو المواد الكيميائية أو الأدوية.
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المليساء
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إنها عدوى فيروسية شائعة، يصاب بها الأطفال غالبا، وهي غير ضارة، ولكنها يمكن أن تنتشر في جميع مناطق الجسم، على نحو يسبب ظهور بُقع مثيرة للحكة، وبها دمل صغير في الوسط، وتميل مجموعات منها إلى إصابة منطقة أسفل الإبط أو خلف الركبتين أو في الفخذ، كما يمكن أن تحدث العدوى نتيجة ملامسة مريض أو لمس أشياء ملوثة، مثل المناشف.
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مرض اليد و القدم و الفم
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تحدث هذه العدوى الفيروسية نتيجة السعال والعطس، وكذلك عن طريق الأدوات المنزلية الملوثة مثل أدوات المائدة، كما يمكن أن تسبب مجموعة من الأعراض التي تشبه أعراض الأنفلونزا، وكذلك قروح في الفم وطفح جلدي أحمر على راحة اليد وباطن القدمين، وعادة ما تتحسن الحالة تلقائيا.
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القوباء
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تصيب هذه البكتيريا المُعدية الجلد المصاب بالفعل، مما يتسبب في ظهور قروح حمراء وبثور مسيلة ومتقشرة، وتظهر غالبا على الوجه.
وعلى الرغم من أنه يمكن أن يبدو الإصابة شديدة، إلا أنه يمكن علاجها بدهان يحتوي على مضاد حيوي.